Definitions for super-resolution microscopy
su·per-res·o·lu·tion mi·croscopy

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1. Super-resolution microscopy

   Super-resolution microscopy, in light microscopy, is a term that gathers several techniques, which allow images to be taken with a higher resolution than the one imposed by the diffraction limit. Due to the diffraction of light, the resolution in conventional light microscopy is limited, as stated (for the special case of widefield illumination) by Ernst Abbe in 1873. In this context, a diffraction-limited microscope with numerical aperture N.A. and light with wavelength λ reaches a lateral resolution of d = λ/(2 N.A.) - a similar formalism can be followed for the axial resolution (along the optical axis, z-resolution, depth resolution). The resolution for a standard optical microscope in the visible light spectrum is about 200 nm laterally and 600 nm axially. Experimentally, the attained resolution can be measured from the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the point spread function (PSF) using images of point-like objects. Although the resolving power of a microscope is not well defined, it is generally considered that a super-resolution microscopy technique offers a resolution better than the one stipulated by Abbe. Super-resolution imaging techniques rely on the near-field (photon tunneling microscopy as well as those that utilize the Pendry Superlens and near field scanning optical microscopy) or on the far-field. Among the latter are techniques that improve the resolution only modestly (up to about a factor of two) beyond the diffraction-limit like the confocal microscope (with closed pinhole), or confocal microscopy aided with computational methods such as deconvolution or detector-based pixel reassignment (e.g. re-scan microscopy, pixel reassignment ), the 4Pi microscope, and also structured illumination microscopy technologies like SIM and SMI. There are two major groups of methods for super-resolution microscopy in the far-field that can improve the resolution with a much larger factor: Deterministic super-resolution: The most commonly used emitters in biological microscopy, fluorophores, show a nonlinear response to excitation, and this nonlinear response can be exploited to enhance resolution. These methods include STED, GSD, RESOLFT and SSIM. Stochastic super-resolution: The chemical complexity of many molecular light sources gives them a complex temporal behavior, which can be used to make several close-by fluorophores emit light at separate times and thereby become resolvable in time. These methods include Super-resolution optical fluctuation imaging (SOFI) and all single-molecule localization methods (SMLM) such as SPDM, SPDMphymod, PALM, FPALM, STORM and dSTORM.On October 8, 2014, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Eric Betzig, W.E. Moerner and Stefan Hell for "the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy," which brings "optical microscopy into the nanodimension".

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Numerology

1. Chaldean Numerology

   The numerical value of super-resolution microscopy in Chaldean Numerology is: 7

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   The numerical value of super-resolution microscopy in Pythagorean Numerology is: 3

References

1. ^ Wikipedia
   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-Resolution_Microscopy