Definitions for palytoxin
pa·ly·tox·in

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1. Palytoxin

   Palytoxin, PTX or PLTX is an intense vasoconstrictor, and is considered to be one of the most poisonous non-protein substances known, second only to maitotoxin in terms of toxicity in mice.Palytoxin is a polyhydroxylated and partially unsaturated compound (8 double bonds) with a long carbon chain. It has water-soluble and fat-soluble parts, 40 hydroxy groups and 64 chiral centers. Due to chirality and possible double bond cis-trans isomerism, it has over 1021 alternative stereoisomers. It is thermostable, and treatment with boiling water does not remove its toxicity. It remains stable in aqueous solutions for prolonged periods but rapidly decomposes and loses its toxicity in acidic or alkaline solutions. It has multiple analogues with a similar structure like ostreocin-D, mascarenotoxin-A and -B.Palytoxin occurs at least in tropics and subtropics where it is made by Palythoa corals and Ostreopsis dinoflagellates, or possibly by bacteria occurring in these organisms. It can be found in many more species like fish and crabs due to the process of biomagnification. It can also be found in organisms living close to palytoxin producing organisms like sponges, mussels, starfish and cnidaria.People are rarely exposed to palytoxin. Exposures have happened in people who have eaten sea animals like fish and crabs, but also in aquarium hobbyists who have handled Palythoa corals incorrectly and in those who have been exposed to certain algal blooms.Palytoxin targets the sodium-potassium pump protein by locking it into a position where it allows passive transport of both sodium and potassium ions, thereby destroying the ion gradient that is essential for life. Because palytoxin can affect every type of cell in the body, the symptoms can be very different for the various routes of exposure.Palytoxin's planar chemical structure was solved in 1981 by two research groups independently from each other. Stereochemistry was solved in 1982. Palytoxin carboxylic acid was synthesized by Yoshito Kishi and colleagues in 1989 and actual palytoxin in 1994 by Kishi and Suh.

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1. palytoxin

   Palytoxin is a highly toxic substance produced by certain species of coral, primarily in the genus Palythoa. It is one of the most potent natural toxins known to science, affecting the cardiovascular, neurological, and respiratory systems. Palytoxin can cause severe symptoms and even death in humans if ingested, inhaled, or exposed to the skin.

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1. Palytoxin

   Palytoxin is an intense vasoconstrictor, and is considered to be one of the most toxic non-peptide substances known, second only to maitotoxin in terms of toxicity in mice. Palytoxin is a natural compound that is produced by several marine species and can be found in many more species due to accumulation. Palytoxin was originally isolated in 1971 in Hawaii from the seaweed-like coral "Limu make o hana". Later, in 1982 its full chemical structure was published by Daisuke Uemura and co-workers at Nagoya University. Yoshito Kishi's group at Harvard University first synthesized palytoxin in 1994. Palytoxin targets the sodium-potassium pump protein by binding to the molecule in such a way that the molecule is locked in a position where it allows passive transport of both the sodium and potassium ions, thereby destroying the ion gradient that is essential for most cells. Because palytoxin affects every cell in the body, the symptoms are very different for the various routes of exposure. The most common exposure in humans is by ingestion. The onset of symptoms in a palytoxin poisoning is rapid, and death usually follows quickly.

How to pronounce palytoxin?

1. Alex

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   David

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   Mark

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   Daniel

   British

   Libby

   British

   Mia

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   Karen

   Australian

   Hayley

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   Natasha

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   Priya

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   Neerja

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   Zira

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   Oliver

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   Wendy

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   Tessa

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How to say palytoxin in sign language?

Numerology

1. Chaldean Numerology

   The numerical value of palytoxin in Chaldean Numerology is: 8

2. Pythagorean Numerology

   The numerical value of palytoxin in Pythagorean Numerology is: 1

References

1. ^ Wikipedia
   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palytoxin
2. ^ ChatGPT
   https://chat.openai.com
3. ^ Wikidata
   https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?search=palytoxin