Definitions for alpha process
al·pha process

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1. Alpha process

   The alpha process, also known as the alpha ladder, is one of two classes of nuclear fusion reactions by which stars convert helium into heavier elements, the other being the triple-alpha process. The triple-alpha process consumes only helium, and produces carbon. After enough carbon has accumulated, the reactions below take place, all consuming only helium and the product of the previous reaction. C 6 12 + He 2 4 ⟶ O 8 16 + γ E = 7.16 M e V O 8 16 + He 2 4 ⟶ Ne 10 20 + γ E = 4.73 M e V Ne 10 20 + He 2 4 ⟶ Mg 12 24 + γ E = 9.32 M e V Mg 12 24 + He 2 4 ⟶ Si 14 28 + γ E = 9.98 M e V Si 14 28 + He 2 4 ⟶ S 16 32 + γ E = 6.95 M e V S 16 32 + He 2 4 ⟶ Ar 18 36 + γ E = 6.64 M e V Ar 18 36 + He 2 4 ⟶ Ca 20 40 + γ E = 7.04 M e V Ca 20 40 + He 2 4 ⟶ Ti 22 44 + γ E = 5.13 M e V Ti 22 44 + He 2 4 ⟶ Cr 24 48 + γ E = 7.70 M e V Cr 24 48 + He 2 4 ⟶ Fe 26 52 + γ E = 7.94 M e V Fe 26 52 + He 2 4 ⟶ Ni 28 56 + γ E = 8.00 M e V {\displaystyle {\begin{array}{ll}{\ce {_6^{12}C + _2^4He -> _{8}^{16}O + \gamma}}&E=7.16\ \mathrm {MeV} \\{\ce {_8^{16}O + _2^4He -> _{10}^{20}Ne + \gamma}}&E=4.73\ \mathrm {MeV} \\{\ce {_{10}^{20}Ne + _2^4He -> _{12}^{24}Mg + \gamma}}&E=9.32\ \mathrm {MeV} \\{\ce {_{12}^{24}Mg + _2^4He -> _{14}^{28}Si + \gamma}}&E=9.98\ \mathrm {MeV} \\{\ce {_{14}^{28}Si + _2^4He -> _{16}^{32}S + \gamma}}&E=6.95\ \mathrm {MeV} \\{\ce {_{16}^{32}S + _2^4He -> _{18}^{36}Ar + \gamma}}&E=6.64\ \mathrm {MeV} \\{\ce {_{18}^{36}Ar + _2^4He -> _{20}^{40}Ca + \gamma}}&E=7.04\ \mathrm {MeV} \\{\ce {_{20}^{40}Ca + _2^4He -> _{22}^{44}Ti + \gamma}}&E=5.13\ \mathrm {MeV} \\{\ce {_{22}^{44}Ti + _2^4He -> _{24}^{48}Cr + \gamma}}&E=7.70\ \mathrm {MeV} \\{\ce {_{24}^{48}Cr + _2^4He -> _{26}^{52}Fe + \gamma}}&E=7.94\ \mathrm {MeV} \\{\ce {_{26}^{52}Fe + _2^4He -> _{28}^{56}Ni + \gamma}}&E=8.00\ \mathrm {MeV} \end{array}}} E is the energy produced by the reaction, released primarily as gamma rays (γ). It is a common misconception that the above sequence ends at 28 56 N i {\displaystyle \mathrm {_{28}^{56}Ni} } (or 26 56 F e {\displaystyle \mathrm {_{26}^{56}Fe} } , which is a decay product of 28 56 N i {\displaystyle \mathrm {_{28}^{56}Ni} } ) because it is the most stable nuclide - i.e., it has the highest nuclear binding energy per nucleon, and production of heavier nuclei requires energy (is endothermic) instead of releasing it (exothermic). 28 62 N i {\displaystyle \mathrm {_{28}^{62}Ni} } (Nickel-62) is actually the most stable nuclide. However, the sequence ends at 28 56 N i {\displaystyle \mathrm {_{28}^{56}Ni} } because conditions in the stellar interior cause the competition between photodisintegration and the alpha process to favor photodisintegration around iron, leading to more 28 56 N i {\displaystyle \mathrm {_{28}^{56}Ni} } being produced than 28 62 N i {\displaystyle \mathrm {_{28}^{62}Ni} } . All these reactions have a very low rate at the temperatures and densities in stars and therefore do not contribute significantly to a star's energy production; with elements heavier than neon (atomic number > 10), they occur even less easily due to the increasing Coulomb barrier. Alpha process elements (or alpha elements) are so-called since their most abundant isotopes are integer multiples of four, the mass of the helium nucleus (the alpha particle); these isotopes are known as alpha nuclides. Stable alpha elements are: C, O, Ne, Mg, Si, and S; Ar and Ca are observationally stable. They are synthesized by alpha capture prior to the silicon fusing process, a precursor to Type II supernovae. Silicon and calcium are purely alpha process elements. Magnesium can be burned by proton capture reactions. As for oxygen, some authors consider it an alpha element, while others do not. Oxygen is surely an alpha element in low-metallicity population II stars. It is produced in Type II supernovas and its enhancement is well correlated with an enhancement of other alpha process elements. Sometimes carbon and nitrogen a

How to pronounce alpha process?

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Numerology

1. Chaldean Numerology

   The numerical value of alpha process in Chaldean Numerology is: 4

2. Pythagorean Numerology

   The numerical value of alpha process in Pythagorean Numerology is: 7

References

1. ^ Wikipedia
   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Process