zanazziite

A complex phosphate with the chemical formula Ca(Mg,Fe)(Mg,Fe,Mn,Al)Be(OH)(PO)u00B76HO, having a pale to dark olive-green colour.

— Wiktionary

Ca(2+) Mg(2+)-ATPase

An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP and is activated by millimolar concentrations of either Ca(2+) or Mg(2+). Unlike CA(2+)-TRANSPORTING ATPASE it does not require the second divalent cation for its activity, and is not sensitive to orthovanadate. (Prog Biophys Mol Biol 1988;52(1):1). A subgroup of EC 3.6.1.3.

— U.S. National Library of Medicine

rhodonite

a manganese inosilicate mineral with some substitution by iron and magnesium, of composition (Mn,Fe,Mg,Ca)SiO

— Wiktionary

aerinite

A blue mineral with monoclinic crystals, Ca(Al,Fe,Mg, Fe)SiO(OH)COu00B712HO.

— Wiktionary

actinolite

A mineral with monoclinic crystals of the chemical formula Ca(Mg,Fe)SiO(OH), belonging to the amphibole group.

— Wiktionary

Adenosine Triphosphatases

A group of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of ATP. The hydrolysis reaction is usually coupled with another function such as transporting Ca(2+) across a membrane. These enzymes may be dependent on Ca(2+), Mg(2+), anions, H+, or DNA.

— U.S. National Library of Medicine

Lucretian

Of or pertaining to Titus Lucretius Carus (ca. 99 BC-ca. 55 BC), Roman poet and philosopher.

— Wiktionary

Baroque

A period in western music from ca. 1600 to ca. 1760, characterized by extensive use of counterpoint, basso-continuo, and extensive ornamentation.

— Wiktionary

adenosinetriphosphatase

ATPase

— Wiktionary

heulandite

A common mineral of the zeolite group with monoclinic crystals, the most usual form being heulandite-Ca (Ca,Na)Al(Al,Si)SiOu00B712HO.

— Wiktionary

Thapsigargin

A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits CA(2+)-TRANSPORTING ATPASE mediated uptake of CALCIUM into SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM.

— U.S. National Library of Medicine

pontin

An ATPase that is a component of telomerase

— Wiktionary

reptin

An ATPase that is a component of telomerase

— Wiktionary

carat

a unit of weight for precious stones = 200 mg

— Princeton's WordNet

grain, metric grain

a weight unit used for pearls or diamonds: 50 mg or 1/4 carat

— Princeton's WordNet

grain, metric grain

a weight unit used for pearls or diamonds: 50 mg or 1/4 carat

— Princeton's WordNet

Cabot, John Cabot, Giovanni Cabato

Italian explorer who led the English expedition in 1497 that discovered the mainland of North America and explored the coast from Nova Scotia to Newfoundland (ca. 1450-1498)

— Princeton's WordNet

Cabot, John Cabot, Giovanni Cabato

Italian explorer who led the English expedition in 1497 that discovered the mainland of North America and explored the coast from Nova Scotia to Newfoundland (ca. 1450-1498)

— Princeton's WordNet

Cabot, John Cabot, Giovanni Cabato

Italian explorer who led the English expedition in 1497 that discovered the mainland of North America and explored the coast from Nova Scotia to Newfoundland (ca. 1450-1498)

— Princeton's WordNet

Vanadates

Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.

— U.S. National Library of Medicine

Canyon

the English form of the Spanish word Ca–on.

— Webster Dictionary

brucite

A mineral form of magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)

— Wiktionary

sekaninaite

A mineral with the chemical formula ((Fe,Mg)AlSiO).

— Wiktionary

Ca–ada

a small ca–on; a narrow valley or glen; also, but less frequently, an open valley.

— Webster Dictionary

Adoo

A guerilla movement in Oman, ca. 1970 .

— Wiktionary

chvaleticeite

A soft monoclinic mineral with chemical formula (Mn,Mg)SOu00B76HO.

— Wiktionary

viitaniemiite

A mineral, Na(Ca,Mn++)Al(PO)(F,OH).

— Wiktionary

ringwoodite

An cubic form of olivine produced under very high pressure, (Mg, Fe)SiO.

— Wiktionary

Pindar

(ca. 522u2013443 BC) A great Ancient Greek lyric poet from Thebes

— Wiktionary

autunite

A yellow mineral with tetragonal crystals, Ca(UO)(PO)u00B710-12HO.

— Wiktionary

chrysotile

A fibrous silicate mineral with the chemical formula Mg(SiO)(OH); a form of serpentine asbestos.

— Wiktionary

cummingtonite

: A mineral, magnesium-iron silicate hydroxide, (Mg,Fe)SiO(OH), originally discovered in Cummington, Massachusetts.

— Wiktionary

inyoite

A colourless monoclinic mineral with the chemical formula Ca(HBO)(OH)u00B74HO.

— Wiktionary

magnesium

A light, flammable, silvery metal, and a chemical element (symbol Mg) with an atomic number of 12.

— Wiktionary

brownmillerite

A mineral with the chemical formula Ca(Al,Fe)O, found in metamorphosed limestone.

— Wiktionary

hydromagnesite

A hydrated magnesium carbonate mineral with the chemical formula Mg(CO)(OH).4HO, used as a fire retardant.

— Wiktionary

megagram

A unit of mass equal to 1,000,000 grams. Symbol: Mg

— Wiktionary

Appian

Of or pertaining to (ca. 340 BCu2013273 BC), Ancient Roman politician who built the .

— Wiktionary

Strabo

(63/64 u2013 ca. 24 ) Ancient Greek geographer and historian from Amaseia in Pontus.

— Wiktionary

zirkelite

An isometric oxide mineral with the chemical formula (Ca,Th,Ce)Zr(Ti,Nb)O.

— Wiktionary

betafite

A radioactive mineral in the pyrochlore group, having chemical formula (Ca,U)(Ti,Nb,Ta)O(OH).

— Wiktionary

milligram

An SI unit of mass, equivalent to one thousandth of a gram. Symbol: mg

— Wiktionary

Z-pak

A package of six pills, each one containing 250 mg of the antibacterial azithromycin.

— Wiktionary

qandilite

An opaque black metallic mineral with the chemical formula (Mg,Fe)(Ti,Fe,Al)O.

— Wiktionary

chloritoid

A mixed iron, magnesium amd manganese silicate mineral of metamorphic origin, with the chemical formula (Fe,Mg,Mn)AlSiO(OH).

— Wiktionary

calcium hydroxide

A soft, white powder, Ca(OH), obtained by the action of water on calcium oxide; slaked lime.

— Wiktionary

reformist

An advocate or supporter of political reform in the United Kingdom. (Common from ca 1790 to 1830.)

— Wiktionary

4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan

A benzofuran derivative used as a protein reagent since the terminal N-NBD-protein conjugate possesses interesting fluorescence and spectral properties. It has also been used as a covalent inhibitor of both beef heart mitochondrial ATPase and bacterial ATPase.

— U.S. National Library of Medicine

chondrodite

A nesosilicate mineral with chemical formula (Mg,Fe)(F,OH)(SiO), the most frequently encountered member of the humite group.

— Wiktionary

Omeprazole

A highly effective inhibitor of gastric acid secretion used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits the H(+)-K(+)-ATPase (H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE) in the proton pump of GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.

— U.S. National Library of Medicine

magnesium hydroxide

The base Mg(OH) that occurs naturally as brucite; it is used as an antacid and in many industrial processes

— Wiktionary

osumilite

A hexagonal mineral with the chemical formula (K,Na)(Mg,Fe)(Al,Fe)(Si,Al)Ou00B7HO.

— Wiktionary

Arizo`na

a territory of the United States N. of Mexico and W. of New Mexico, nearly four times as large as Scotland, rich in mines of gold, silver, and copper, fertile in the lowlands; much of the surface a barren plateau 11,000 ft. high, through which the cañon of the Colorado passes. See Cañon.

— The Nuttall Encyclopedia

stilpnomelane

A metamorphic phyllosilicate mineral of the mica group, having the chemical formula K(Fe,Mg,Fe)(Si,Al)(O,OH).

— Wiktionary

pyrochlore

A mineral whose composition is that of a mixed niobate mostly of sodium, calcium and cerium, (Na,Ca)NbO(OH,F).

— Wiktionary

Glucose Intolerance

A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.

— U.S. National Library of Medicine

kornerupine

A rare boro-silicate mineral with the chemical formula (Mg,Fe)(Al,Fe)(SiO,BO)(O,OH), some varieties of which are valued as gemstones.

— Wiktionary

Coulee

a stream of lava. Also, in the Western United States, the bed of a stream, even if dry, when deep and having inclined sides; distinguished from a ca–on, which has precipitous sides.

— Webster Dictionary

rantallion

(ca. 1780-1850): A person whose penis is insufficiently long, in its 'relaxed' mode, to exceed the length of the scrotum

— Wiktionary

glaucophane

A mixed aluminate of sodium, magnesium and aluminium that has a characteristic blue colour, and exhibits pleochroism, with the chemical formula Na(Mg,Fe)AlSiO(OH).

— Wiktionary

carat

Formerly, any of several units of weight, varying from 189 to 212 mg, the weight of a carob seed.

— Wiktionary

Calcium

an elementary substance; a metal which combined with oxygen forms lime. It is of a pale yellow color, tenacious, and malleable. It is a member of the alkaline earth group of elements. Atomic weight 40. Symbol Ca

— Webster Dictionary

baileychlore

A yellow-green mineral of the chlorite group with the mineral formula (Zn,Fe,Al,Mg)(Si,Al)O(OH).

— Wiktionary

Baroque

A period in western architecture from ca. 1600 to the middle of the eighteenth century, known for its abundance of decoration.

— Wiktionary

Ionian

Ionic, of Ionia, the ancient (ca 1100 BC) region including western Asia Minor and the adjacent Aegean Islands occupied by the Ionian people.

— Wiktionary

Archimedes screw

A screwlike device invented by Greek mathematician Archimedes, ca. 200 , which when twisted inside a cylinder, raises water from a lower level to a higher level, allowing irrigation of fields.

— Wiktionary

euxenite

A dark brown lustrous mineral that is a mixed oxide of cerium, erbium, titanium, uranium, yttrium and other more common metals, with the chemical formula (Y,Ca,Ce,U,Th)(Nb,Ta,Ti)O.

— Wiktionary

spandite

A combination of spessartine and andradite. Ca-Fe-rich spessartine or Mn-Al-rich andradite.

— Wiktionary

Old Turkic

The earliest attested Turkic language, found in inscriptions by the Gu00F6ktu00FCrks and the Uyghurs in ca. the 7th to 13th centuries.

— Wiktionary

calcium phosphate

The calcium salt or phosphoric acid, Ca(PO), or of several related acids; it is the main mineral of bone

— Wiktionary

Baroque

A period in western art from ca. 1600 to the middle of the eighteenth century, characterized by drama, rich color, and dramatic contrast between light and shadow.

— Wiktionary

Aristophanean

Of or pertaining to Aristophanes (ca. 446ca. 386 BC), son of Philippus, an acclaimed playwright of ancient Athens, or his works, typified by comic satire.

— Wiktionary

Magnesium

a light silver-white metallic element, malleable and ductile, quite permanent in dry air but tarnishing in moist air. It burns, forming (the oxide) magnesia, with the production of a blinding light (the so-called magnesium light) which is used in signaling, in pyrotechny, or in photography where a strong actinic illuminant is required. Its compounds occur abundantly, as in dolomite, talc, meerschaum, etc. Symbol Mg. Atomic weight, 24.4. Specific gravity, 1.75

— Webster Dictionary

chromite

Any member of the chromite-magnesiochromite series that is a mixed oxide of iron, magnesium and chromium with the formula (Fe,Mg)CrO. It is a commercial source of chromium.

— Wiktionary

Mitanni

Hurrian kingdom in northern Mesopotamia from ca. 1500 , at the height of its power, during the 14th century BC, encompassing what is today southeastern Turkey, northern Syria and northern Iraq.

— Wiktionary

TTY

Teletypewriter (originally), or a text display device, as used by deaf to read voice communication converted to text by a communication assistant device (CA).

— Wiktionary

Jacobs

a German Greek scholar, born at Gotha; editor of "Anthologia Græca" (1767-1847).

— The Nuttall Encyclopedia

Proto-Canaanite alphabet

An abjad of twenty-plus acrophonic glyphs, found in Levantine texts of the Late Bronze Age (from ca. the 15th century ), by convention taken to last until a cut-off date of 1050 , after which it is called Phoenician.

— Wiktionary

Bad lands

barren regions, especially in the western United States, where horizontal strata (Tertiary deposits) have been often eroded into fantastic forms, and much intersected by ca–ons, and where lack of wood, water, and forage increases the difficulty of traversing the country, whence the name, first given by the Canadian French, Mauvaises Terres (bad lands).

— Webster Dictionary

Hypercalciuria

Excretion of abnormally high level of CALCIUM in the URINE, greater than 4 mg/kg/day.

— U.S. National Library of Medicine

sievert

In the International System of Units, the derived unit of radiation dose; the dose received in one hour at a distance of 1 cm from a point source of 1 mg of radium in a 0.5 mm thick platinum enclosure. Symbol: Sv

— Wiktionary

Pagan, Isabel

Scotch poetess, authoress of the plaintive song "Ca' the Yowes to the Knowes" (1740-1821).

— The Nuttall Encyclopedia

Classical Arabic

Classical Arabic (CA) is the form of the Arabic language used in literary texts in 7th to 9th centuries. It is based on the Medieval dialects of Arab tribes. It is the language of Qur'an.

— Wiktionary

ATP-Dependent Endopeptidases

Endoproteases that contain proteolytic core domains and ATPase-containing regulatory domains.

— U.S. National Library of Medicine

Calcium Radioisotopes

Unstable isotopes of calcium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Ca atoms with atomic weights 39, 41, 45, 47, 49, and 50 are radioactive calcium isotopes.

— U.S. National Library of Medicine

battle-cruiser

A type of warship equal in size or larger than a battleship, and of greater speed, but with less armour and fewer guns. Introduced ca. 1908 and forming the leading squadrons of WWI battle fleets but obsolescent by WWII, having been replaced by the "fast battleship" type.

— Wiktionary

MutS DNA Mismatch-Binding Protein

A methyl-directed mismatch DNA REPAIR protein that has weak ATPASE activity. MutS was originally described in ESCHERICHIA COLI.

— U.S. National Library of Medicine

Buddhism

The teaching ascribed to Gautama Buddha (ca. 483 B.C.) holding that suffering is inherent in life and that one can escape it into nirvana by mental and moral self-purification. (Webster, 3d ed)

— U.S. National Library of Medicine

Nigericin

A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

— U.S. National Library of Medicine

Magnesium

A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Mg, atomic number 12, and atomic weight 24.31. It is important for the activity of many enzymes, especially those involved in OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION.

— U.S. National Library of Medicine

Proton Pump Inhibitors

Compounds that inhibit H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE. They are used as ANTI-ULCER AGENTS and sometimes in place of HISTAMINE H2 ANTAGONISTS for GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX.

— U.S. National Library of Medicine

Calcium Isotopes

Stable calcium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element calcium, but differ in atomic weight. Ca-42-44, 46, and 48 are stable calcium isotopes.

— U.S. National Library of Medicine

Sophocles

A Greek dramatic poet (ca.495 BC u2013 406 BC); Sophocles was one of the three greatest Greek tragedians. In the Athenian dramatic competitions of the Festival of Dionysus, he won more first prizes (around 20) than any other playwright, and placed second in all others he participated in. He is best remembered for his Oedipus Cycle of plays.

— Wiktionary

CA-125 Antigen

Carbohydrate antigen most commonly seen in tumors of the ovary and occasionally seen in breast, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract tumors and normal tissue. CA 125 is clearly tumor-associated but not tumor-specific.

— U.S. National Library of Medicine

Calsequestrin

Acidic protein found in SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM that binds calcium to the extent of 700-900 nmoles/mg. It plays the role of sequestering calcium transported to the interior of the intracellular vesicle.

— U.S. National Library of Medicine

Glycosuria

The appearance of an abnormally large amount of GLUCOSE in the urine, such as more than 500 mg/day in adults. It can be due to HYPERGLYCEMIA or genetic defects in renal reabsorption (RENAL GLYCOSURIA).

— U.S. National Library of Medicine

Befunge

A worthy companion to INTERCAL; a computer language family which escapes the quotidian limitation of linear control flow and embraces program counters flying through multiple dimensions with exotic topologies. The Befunge home page is at ca/esoteric/befunge/" target="_top">http://www.catseye.mb.ca/esoteric/befunge/.

— The New Hacker's Dictionary

tert-Butylhydroperoxide

A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.

— U.S. National Library of Medicine

Potter, John

archbishop of Canterbury, born in Yorkshire, son of a draper, a distinguished scholar; author of "Archæologia Græca," a work on the antiquities of Greece, and for long the authority on that subject (1674-1747).

— The Nuttall Encyclopedia

Aurovertins

Very toxic and complex pyrone derivatives from the fungus Calcarisporium arbuscula. They bind to and inhibit mitochondrial ATPase, thereby uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation. They are used as biochemical tools.

— U.S. National Library of Medicine

Powell, Major

American geologist and ethnologist, born in New York State; served in the Civil War, explored the cañon of Colorado, and became Director of the U.S. Geological Survey; has written on geological and ethnological subjects; b. 1834.

— The Nuttall Encyclopedia

Diabetic Nephropathies

KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.

— U.S. National Library of Medicine

Iron-Dextran Complex

A complex of ferric oxyhydroxide with dextrans of 5000 to 7000 daltons in a viscous solution containing 50 mg/ml of iron. It is supplied as a parenteral preparation and is used as a hematinic. (Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p1292)

— U.S. National Library of Medicine

Large-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels

A major class of calcium activated potassium channels whose members are voltage-dependent. MaxiK channels are activated by either membrane depolarization or an increase in intracellular Ca(2+). They are key regulators of calcium and electrical signaling in a variety of tissues.

— U.S. National Library of Medicine

ATP-Dependent Proteases

Proteases that contain proteolytic core domains and ATPase-containing regulatory domains. They are usually comprised of large multi-subunit assemblies. The domains can occur within a single peptide chain or on distinct subunits.

— U.S. National Library of Medicine

Muscle Fibers, Slow-Twitch

Skeletal muscle fibers characterized by their expression of the Type I MYOSIN HEAVY CHAIN isoforms which have low ATPase activity and effect several other functional properties - shortening velocity, power output, rate of tension redevelopment.

— U.S. National Library of Medicine

Mi-2 Nucleosome Remodeling and Deacetylase Complex

A enzyme complex involved in the remodeling of NUCLEOSOMES. The complex is comprised of at least seven subunits and includes both histone deacetylase and ATPase activities.

— U.S. National Library of Medicine

Pregnancy-Specific beta 1-Glycoproteins

Glycoproteins with the electrophoretic mobility of BETA-GLOBULINS, secreted by the placental TROPHOBLASTS into the maternal bloodstream during PREGNANCY. They can be detected 18 days after OVULATION and reach 200 mg/ml at the end of pregnancy. They are associated with fetal well-being.

— U.S. National Library of Medicine

Novobiocin

An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189)

— U.S. National Library of Medicine

civil affairs

Designated Active and Reserve Component forces and units organized, trained, and equipped specifically to conduct civil affairs operations and to support civil-military operations. Also called CA. See also civil affairs activities; civilmilitary operations.

— Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms

Hypophosphatemia

A condition of an abnormally low level of PHOSPHATES in the blood. Severe hypophosphatemia (below 1 mg/liter) can affect every organ in the body leading to HEMOLYSIS; LASSITUDE; SEIZURES; and COMA. Chronic hypophosphatemia can lead to MUSCLE WEAKNESS; and bone diseases, such as RICKETS and OSTEOMALACIA.

— U.S. National Library of Medicine

Proton Pumps

Integral membrane proteins that transport protons across a membrane. This transport can be linked to the hydrolysis of ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE. What is referred to as proton pump inhibitors frequently is about POTASSIUM HYDROGEN ATPASE.

— U.S. National Library of Medicine

Hypoaldosteronism

A congenital or acquired condition of insufficient production of ALDOSTERONE by the ADRENAL CORTEX leading to diminished aldosterone-mediated synthesis of Na(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE in renal tubular cells. Clinical symptoms include HYPERKALEMIA, sodium-wasting, HYPOTENSION, and sometimes metabolic ACIDOSIS.

— U.S. National Library of Medicine

Glycogen Synthase Kinases

A class of protein-serine-threonine kinases that was originally found as one of the three types of kinases that phosphorylate GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE. Glycogen synthase kinases along with CA(2+)-CALMODULIN DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASES and CYCLIC AMP-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASES regulate glycogen synthase activity.

— U.S. National Library of Medicine

Hypophosphatemia, Familial

An inherited condition of abnormally low serum levels of PHOSPHATES (below 1 mg/liter) which can occur in a number of genetic diseases with defective reabsorption of inorganic phosphorus by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. This leads to phosphaturia, HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA, and disturbances of cellular and organ functions such as those in X-LINKED HYPOPHOSPHATEMIC RICKETS; OSTEOMALACIA; and FANCONI SYNDROME.

— U.S. National Library of Medicine

Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch

Skeletal muscle fibers characterized by their expression of the Type II MYOSIN HEAVY CHAIN isoforms which have high ATPase activity and effect several other functional properties - shortening velocity, power output, rate of tension redevelopment. Several fast types have been identified.

— U.S. National Library of Medicine

N-Ethylmaleimide-Sensitive Proteins

ATPases that are members of the AAA protein superfamily (ATPase family Associated with various cellular Activities). The NSFs functions, acting in conjunction with SOLUBLE NSF ATTACHMENT PROTEINS (i.e. SNAPs, which have no relation to SNAP 25), are to dissociate SNARE complexes.

— U.S. National Library of Medicine

Ouabain

A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.

— U.S. National Library of Medicine

2-Pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazoles

Compounds that contain benzimidazole joined to a 2-methylpyridine via a sulfoxide linkage. Several of the compounds in this class are ANTI-ULCER AGENTS that act by inhibiting the POTASSIUM HYDROGEN ATPASE found in the PROTON PUMP of GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.

— U.S. National Library of Medicine

Calcimycin

An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.

— U.S. National Library of Medicine

combat assessment

The determination of the overall effectiveness of force employment during military operations. Combat assessment is composed of three major components: (a) battle damage assessment; (b) munitions effectiveness assessment; and (c) reattack recommendation. Also called CA. See also battle damage assessment; munitions effectiveness assessment; reattack recommendation.

— Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms

civil administration

An administration established by a foreign government in (1) friendly territory, under an agreement with the government of the area concerned, to exercise certain authority normally the function of the local government; or (2) hostile territory, occupied by United States forces, where a foreign government exercises executive, legislative, and judicial authority until an indigenous civil government can be established. Also called CA.

— Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms

Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase

An enzyme that catalyzes the active transport system of sodium and potassium ions across the cell wall. Sodium and potassium ions are closely coupled with membrane ATPase which undergoes phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, thereby providing energy for transport of these ions against concentration gradients.

— U.S. National Library of Medicine

Threshold Limit Values

Standards for limiting worker exposure to airborne contaminants. They are the maximum concentration in air at which it is believed that a particular substance will not produce adverse health effects with repeated daily exposure. It can be a time-weighted average (TLV-TWA), a short-term value (TLV-STEL), or an instantaneous value (TLV-Ceiling). They are expressed either as parts per million (ppm) or milligram per cubic meter (mg/m3).

— U.S. National Library of Medicine

Adenylyl Imidodiphosphate

5'-Adenylic acid, monoanhydride with imidodiphosphoric acid. An analog of ATP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It is a potent competitive inhibitor of soluble and membrane-bound mitochondrial ATPase and also inhibits ATP-dependent reactions of oxidative phosphorylation.

— U.S. National Library of Medicine

Calcium

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

— U.S. National Library of Medicine

Ryanodine

A methylpyrrole-carboxylate from RYANIA that disrupts the RYANODINE RECEPTOR CALCIUM RELEASE CHANNEL to modify CALCIUM release from SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM resulting in alteration of MUSCLE CONTRACTION. It was previously used in INSECTICIDES. It is used experimentally in conjunction with THAPSIGARGIN and other inhibitors of CALCIUM ATPASE uptake of calcium into SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM.

— U.S. National Library of Medicine

Soluble N-Ethylmaleimide-Sensitive Factor Attachment Proteins

SNARE binding proteins that facilitate the ATP hydrolysis-driven dissociation of the SNARE complex. They are required for the binding of N-ETHYLMALEIMIDE-SENSITIVE PROTEIN (NSF) to the SNARE complex which also stimulates the ATPASE activity of NSF. They are unrelated structurally to SNAP-25 PROTEIN.

— U.S. National Library of Medicine

Pemphigus, Benign Familial

An autosomal dominantly inherited skin disorder characterized by recurrent eruptions of vesicles and BULLAE mainly on the neck, axillae, and groin. Mutations in the ATP2C1 gene (encoding the secretory pathway Ca2++/Mn2++ ATPase 1 (SPCA1)) cause this disease. It is clinically and histologically similar to DARIER DISEASE - both have abnormal, unstable DESMOSOMES between KERATINOCYTES and defective CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES. It is unrelated to PEMPHIGUS VULGARIS though it closely resembles that disease.

— U.S. National Library of Medicine

Hepatolenticular Degeneration

A rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by the deposition of copper in the BRAIN; LIVER; CORNEA; and other organs. It is caused by defects in the ATP7B gene encoding copper-transporting ATPase 2 (EC 3.6.3.4), also known as the Wilson disease protein. The overload of copper inevitably leads to progressive liver and neurological dysfunction such as LIVER CIRRHOSIS; TREMOR; ATAXIA and intellectual deterioration. Hepatic dysfunction may precede neurologic dysfunction by several years.

— U.S. National Library of Medicine

Cardiac Glycosides

Cyclopentanophenanthrenes with a 5- or 6-membered lactone ring attached at the 17-position and SUGARS attached at the 3-position. Plants they come from have long been used in congestive heart failure. They increase the force of cardiac contraction without significantly affecting other parameters, but are very toxic at larger doses. Their mechanism of action usually involves inhibition of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE and they are often used in cell biological studies for that purpose.

— U.S. National Library of Medicine

Proton-Motive Force

Energy that is generated by the transfer of protons or electrons across an energy-transducing membrane and that can be used for chemical, osmotic, or mechanical work. Proton-motive force can be generated by a variety of phenomena including the operation of an electron transport chain, illumination of a PURPLE MEMBRANE, and the hydrolysis of ATP by a proton ATPase. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed, p171)

— U.S. National Library of Medicine

Wyoming

a North-West State of the American Union, chiefly on the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains, an elevated region about three times the area of Ireland and a comparatively sparse population, settled principally along the line of the Union Pacific Railway; it has a very rugged surface, and abounds in deep cañons and frowning precipices, the lakes also are deep, and there are immense geysers, one, the Great Geyser, throwing up a volume of water 300 ft. high; it is rich in minerals, yields good crops of various grains, rears large herds of horses and cattle, as well as game on its moors, and trout and salmon in its rivers. See Yellowstone Park.

— The Nuttall Encyclopedia

Idaho

one of the north-western States of the American Union, surrounded by Washington and Oregon in the W., Nevada and Utah in the S., Wyoming in the E., and Montana, from which it is separated by a branch of the Rocky Mountains, in the NE., the short northern boundary touches Canada; the country is traversed by lofty mountain ranges cut up into deep river valleys and cañons, is extremely rugged in its northern parts, and chiefly useful for cattle-raising; there is a plateau in the centre, some arid prairie land in the S., and lake districts in the N. and in the SE.; grain farming is restricted to fringes along the river banks; the Snake River flows through the whole S.; silver, lead, gold, and copper mines are wrought successfully, and coal is found; the State was admitted to the Union in 1890; a fifth of the population are Mormons; there are still 4000 Indians. Boisé City (2) is the capital.

— The Nuttall Encyclopedia

notwork

A network, when it is acting flaky or is down. Compare nyetwork. Said at IBM to have originally referred to a particular period of flakiness on IBM's VNET corporate network ca. 1988; but there are independent reports of the term from elsewhere.

— The New Hacker's Dictionary

scrool

[from the pioneering Roundtable chat system in Houston ca.: 1984; prob.: originated as a typo for ‘scroll’] The log of old messages, available for later perusal or to help one get back in synch with the conversation. It was originally called the scrool monster, because an early version of the roundtable software had a bug where it would dump all 8K of scrool on a user's terminal.

— The New Hacker's Dictionary

dogwash

[From a quip in the ‘urgency’ field of a very optional software change request, ca.: 1982. It was something like “Urgency: Wash your dog first”.]

1. n. A project of minimal priority, undertaken as an escape from more serious work.

2. v. To engage in such a project. Many games and much freeware get written this way.

— The New Hacker's Dictionary

Infocom

A now-legendary games company, active from 1979 to 1989, that commercialized the MDL parser technology used for Zork to produce a line of text adventure games that remain favorites among hackers. Infocom's games were intelligent, funny, witty, erudite, irreverent, challenging, satirical, and most thoroughly hackish in spirit. The physical game packages from Infocom are now prized collector's items. After being acquired by Activision in 1989 they did a few more “modern” (e.g. graphics-intensive) games which were less successful than reissues of their classics.

The software, thankfully, is still extant; Infocom games were written in a kind of P-code (called, actually, z-code) and distributed with a P-code interpreter core, and not only open-source emulators for that interpreter but an actual compiler as well have been written to permit the P-code to be run on platforms the games never originally graced. In fact, new games written in this P-code are still being written. There is a home page at ca/Infocom/" target="_top">http://www.csd.uwo.ca/Infocom/, and it is even possible to play these games in your browser if it is Java-capable.

— The New Hacker's Dictionary

terminak

[Caltech, ca. 1979] Any malfunctioning computer terminal. A common failure mode of Lear-Siegler ADM 3a terminals caused the ‘L’ key to produce the ‘K’ code instead; complaints about this tended to look like “Terminak #3 has a bad keyboard. Pkease fix.” Compare dread high-bit disease, frogging; see also sun-stools, HP-SUX, Slowlaris.

— The New Hacker's Dictionary

green bytes

(also green words)

1. Meta-information embedded in a file, such as the length of the file or its name; as opposed to keeping such information in a separate description file or record. The term comes from an IBM user's group meeting (ca. 1962) at which these two approaches were being debated and the diagram of the file on the blackboard had the green bytes drawn in green.

2. By extension, the non-data bits in any self-describing format. “A GIF file contains, among other things, green bytes describing the packing method for the image.” Compare out-of-band, zigamorph, fence (sense 1).

— The New Hacker's Dictionary

Eric Conspiracy

A shadowy group of mustachioed hackers named Eric first pinpointed as a sinister conspiracy by an infamous talk.bizarre posting ca. 1987; this was doubtless influenced by the numerous ‘Eric’ jokes in the Monty Python oeuvre. There do indeed seem to be considerably more mustachioed Erics in hackerdom than the frequency of these three traits can account for unless they are correlated in some arcane way. Well-known examples include Eric Allman (he of the ‘Allman style’ described under indent style) and Erik Fair (co-author of NNTP); your editor has heard from more than a hundred others by email, and the organization line ‘Eric Conspiracy Secret Laboratories’ now emanates regularly from more than one site. See the Eric Conspiracy Web Page at http://www.catb.org/~esr/ecsl/ for full details.

— The New Hacker's Dictionary

munching squares

A display hack dating back to the PDP-1 (ca. 1962, reportedly discovered by Jackson Wright), which employs a trivial computation (repeatedly plotting the graph Y = X XOR T for successive values of T — see HAKMEM items 146--148) to produce an impressive display of moving and growing squares that devour the screen. The initial value of T is treated as a parameter, which, when well-chosen, can produce amazing effects. Some of these, later (re)discovered on the LISP machine, have been christened munching triangles (try AND for XOR and toggling points instead of plotting them), munching w's, and munching mazes. More generally, suppose a graphics program produces an impressive and ever-changing display of some basic form, foo, on a display terminal, and does it using a relatively simple program; then the program (or the resulting display) is likely to be referred to as munching foos. [This is a good example of the use of the word foo as a metasyntactic variable.]

— The New Hacker's Dictionary

Stone Age

1. In computer folklore, an ill-defined period from ENIAC (ca. 1943) to the mid-1950s; the great age of electromechanical dinosaurs. Sometimes used for the entire period up to 1960--61 (see Iron Age); however, it is funnier and more descriptive to characterize the latter period in terms of a ‘Bronze Age’ era of transistor-logic, pre-ferrite-core machines with drum or CRT mass storage (as opposed to just mercury delay lines and/or relays). See also Iron Age.

How things weren't in the Stone Age.

(The next cartoon in the Crunchly saga is 76-07-18. The previous cartoon was 76-03-14:5-8.)

2. More generally, a pejorative for any crufty, ancient piece of hardware or software technology. Note that this is used even by people who were there for the Stone Age (sense 1).

— The New Hacker's Dictionary

COME FROM

A semi-mythical language construct dual to the ‘go to’; COME FROM <label> would cause the referenced label to act as a sort of trapdoor, so that if the program ever reached it control would quietly and automagically be transferred to the statement following the COME FROM. COME FROM was first proposed in R. Lawrence Clark's A Linguistic Contribution to GOTO-less programming, which appeared in a 1973 Datamation issue (and was reprinted in the April 1984 issue of Communications of the ACM). This parodied the then-raging ‘structured programming’ holy wars (see considered harmful). Mythically, some variants are the assigned COME FROM and the computed COME FROM (parodying some nasty control constructs in FORTRAN and some extended BASICs). Of course, multi-tasking (or non-determinism) could be implemented by having more than one COME FROM statement coming from the same label.

In some ways the FORTRAN DO looks like a COME FROM statement. After the terminating statement number/CONTINUE is reached, control continues at the statement following the DO. Some generous FORTRANs would allow arbitrary statements (other than CONTINUE) for the statement, leading to examples like:

      DO 10 I=1,LIMIT
C imagine many lines of code here, leaving the
C original DO statement lost in the spaghetti...
      WRITE(6,10) I,FROB(I)
 10   FORMAT(1X,I5,G10.4)

in which the trapdoor is just after the statement labeled 10. (This is particularly surprising because the label doesn't appear to have anything to do with the flow of control at all!) While sufficiently astonishing to the unsuspecting reader, this form of COME FROM statement isn't completely general. After all, control will eventually pass to the following statement. The implementation of the general form was left to Univac FORTRAN, ca. 1975 (though a roughly similar feature existed on the IBM 7040 ten years earlier). The statement AT 100 would perform a COME FROM 100. It was intended strictly as a debugging aid, with dire consequences promised to anyone so deranged as to use it in production code. More horrible things had already been perpetrated in production languages, however; doubters need only contemplate the ALTER verb in COBOL. COME FROM was supported under its own name for the first time 15 years later, in C-INTERCAL (see INTERCAL, retrocomputing); knowledgeable observers are still reeling from the shock.

— The New Hacker's Dictionary

cracker

One who breaks security on a system. Coined ca. 1985 by hackers in defense against journalistic misuse of hacker (q.v., sense 8). An earlier attempt to establish worm in this sense around 1981--82 on Usenet was largely a failure.

Use of both these neologisms reflects a strong revulsion against the theft and vandalism perpetrated by cracking rings. The neologism “cracker” in this sense may have been influenced not so much by the term “safe-cracker” as by the non-jargon term “cracker”, which in Middle English meant an obnoxious person (e.g., “What cracker is this same that deafs our ears / With this abundance of superfluous breath?” — Shakespeare's King John, Act II, Scene I) and in modern colloquial American English survives as a barely gentler synonym for “white trash”.

While it is expected that any real hacker will have done some playful cracking and knows many of the basic techniques, anyone past larval stage is expected to have outgrown the desire to do so except for immediate, benign, practical reasons (for example, if it's necessary to get around some security in order to get some work done).

Thus, there is far less overlap between hackerdom and crackerdom than the mundane reader misled by sensationalistic journalism might expect. Crackers tend to gather in small, tight-knit, very secretive groups that have little overlap with the huge, open poly-culture this lexicon describes; though crackers often like to describe themselves as hackers, most true hackers consider them a separate and lower form of life. An easy way for outsiders to spot the difference is that crackers use grandiose screen names that conceal their identities. Hackers never do this; they only rarely use noms de guerre at all, and when they do it is for display rather than concealment.

Ethical considerations aside, hackers figure that anyone who can't imagine a more interesting way to play with their computers than breaking into someone else's has to be pretty losing. Some other reasons crackers are looked down on are discussed in the entries on cracking and phreaking. See also samurai, dark-side hacker, and hacker ethic. For a portrait of the typical teenage cracker, see warez d00dz.

— The New Hacker's Dictionary